2008 Summer Olympics
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|
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into multiple articles. (Discuss) |
|
This article documents a current
sports-related event. Information may change as the event progresses. |
| Games
of the XXIX Olympiad |
|
同一个世界同一个梦想
|
|
| Host city | Beijing,
China |
|---|---|
| Nations participating | 204 NOCs (See
below) |
| Athletes participating | 11,028 [1] |
| Events | 302 in 28 sports |
| Opening ceremony | August
8 |
| Closing ceremony | August
24 |
| Officially opened by | President
Hu Jintao |
| Athlete's
Oath |
TBA |
| Judge's
Oath |
TBA |
| Olympic
Torch |
TBA |
| Stadium | Beijing
National Stadium |
 |
This
article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
The 2008 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of
the XXIX Olympiad, is a major international
multi-sport
event which is being celebrated in Beijing,
People's
Republic of China from August
8 to August
24, 2008 and
followed by the 2008
Summer Paralympics from September
6 to September
17. Ten thousand, five hundred athletes are expected to compete in 302
events in 28 sports, just one event more than was on the schedule of the 2004
games.[2]
The 2008 Beijing Olympics will also mark the third time that Olympic events
will have been held in the territories of two different National
Olympic Committees (NOC): at the 2008 Olympics, equestrian events will be
held in Hong
Kong, which competes separately from mainland
China.
The Olympic
games were
awarded to Beijing after an exhaustive ballot of the International
Olympic Committee (IOC) on July
13, 2001. The
official logo of the games, titled "Dancing
Beijing," features a stylised calligraphic character jīng
(京, meaning capital), referencing the host city. The mascots of
Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa,
each representing both a colour of the Olympic
rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. The Olympic slogan, One World,
One Dream, calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Several
new NOCs have also been recognised by the IOC.
The Chinese
government has promoted the games to highlight China's emergence on the
world stage and has invested heavily in new facilities and transportation
systems.[3][4]
A total of 37 venues will be used to host the events including 12 newly
constructed venues. Earlier in 2007, former IOC president Juan
Antonio Samaranch had said that he believes that the Beijing games will be
"the best in Olympic history,"[5]
and despite the controversies that have marred the image of the Chinese
Olympics, current president Jacques
Rogge asserts that the IOC has "absolutely no regrets" in
choosing Beijing to host the 2008 games.[6]
|
Bid
| 2008 Summer Olympics bidding results | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| City | NOC | Round 1 | Round 2 |
| Beijing | 
China |
44 | 56 |
| Toronto | 
Canada |
20 | 22 |
| Paris | 
France |
15 | 18 |
| Istanbul | 
Turkey |
17 | 9 |
| Osaka | 
Japan |
6 | — |
Beijing was elected the host city on July
13, 2001,
during the 112th IOC
Session in Moscow,
beating Toronto,
Paris, Istanbul,
and Osaka.
Prior to the session, five other cities (Bangkok,
Cairo, Havana,
Kuala
Lumpur, and Seville)
submitted bids to the IOC but failed to make the short list in 2000. After the
first round of voting, Beijing held a significant lead over the other four
candidates. Osaka received only 6 votes and was eliminated. In the second
round, Beijing was supported by an absolute
majority of voters, eliminating the need for subsequent rounds.[7]
After winning the bid, Li
Lanqing, the vice premier of China, declared "The winning of the 2008
Olympic bid is an example of the international recognition of China's social
stability, economic progress and the healthy life of the Chinese people."
Previously, Beijing had bid to host the 2000
Summer Olympics. It led the voting over the first three rounds, but
ultimately lost to Sydney
in the final round in 1993.
Development and preparation
Venues
| 2008
Summer Olympics |
|---|
|
| IOC ·
COC · SF&OCHK · BOCOG |
By May 2007, construction of all 31 Beijing-based Olympic Games venues had
begun.[8]
The Chinese
government is also investing in the renovation and construction of 6 venues
outside Beijing as well as 59 training centres. Its largest architectural
pieces will be the Beijing
National Stadium, Beijing
National Indoor Stadium, Beijing
National Aquatics Centre, Olympic
Green Convention Centre, Olympic
Green, and Beijing
Wukesong Culture & Sports Center. Almost 85% of the construction
budget for the six main venues is being funded by US$2.1
billion (RMB¥17.4
billion) in corporate bids and tenders. Investments are expected from
corporations seeking ownership rights after the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Some venues will be owned and governed by the State General Administration
of Sports, which will use them after the Olympics as facilities for all
future national sports teams and events.
Some events will be held outside Beijing, namely football
(in Qinhuangdao,
Shanghai,
Shenyang,
and Tianjin),
sailing
(in Qingdao),
and equestrian
(in Hong
Kong, because of "uncertainties of equine diseases and major
difficulties in establishing a disease-free zone").[9]
Beijing National Stadium
The Beijing National Stadium.
The centrepiece of the 2008 Summer Olympics will be the Beijing
National Stadium, nicknamed the "Bird nest" because of its nest-like
skeletal structure.[10]
Construction of the venue began on December
24, 2003. The
Guangdong
Olympic Stadium was originally planned, constructed, and completed in 2001
for the Games, but a decision was made to construct a new stadium in Beijing.[clarify][11]
Government officials engaged architects worldwide in a design competition. A Swiss
firm, Herzog
& de Meuron Architekten AG, collaborated with China Architecture
Design & Research Group to win the competition. The stadium features a
lattice-like concrete skeleton forming the stadium bowl and will have a
seating capacity of over 90,000 people during the Olympics. Architects
originally described the overall design as resembling a bird nest with an
immense ocular—an opening with a retractable
roof over the stadium. However, in 2004, the idea of retractable roof was
abandoned for economic and safety reasons. The Beijing National Stadium will
be the site of the opening and closing ceremonies, as well as the athletics
events and soccer finals. The stadium's designer Ai
Weiwei has since withdrawn his support for China's Olympic games, saying
"he wants nothing to do with them anymore".[12][13]
Most recently, the Beijing
Olympic Village opened on July 16, 2008 and to the public on July 26,
2008.
Transport
A map of the Olympic venues in Beijing. Several expressways encircle
the center of the city, providing for quick transportation around the
city and between venues.
In preparation for the huge rush during the games, Beijing's
subway system underwent a major expansion which increased its capacity to
more than twice its previous size. The previous system was composed of 4 lines
and 64 stations. An additional 7 lines and more than 80 new stations were
constructed, including a direct link to Beijing
Capital International Airport. In the airport itself, 11 unmanned trains,
each transporting a maximum of 83 passengers, will expedite the movement of
people throughout the new terminal building.[14]
Most of them are scheduled to operate from June
30, 2008, one
month before the start of the games. In January 2007, the BOCOG
announced that the Metro cars will be fitted with video screens showing the
latest news and events during the games. Additionally, cellphone signals would
be made available, so that people can use their communication devices in the
metro stations or underground.[15]
On August 1, Beijing
South Railway Station was reopened after two years of construction. The
120-km long Beijing–Tianjin
Intercity Rail opened on the same day that connects the new railway
station with Olympic co-host city Tianjin with world's fastest
scheduled train service at 350 km/h.[16]
According to the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, a new
five-level emergency
alert system for extreme
weather and security threats will be implemented in the airport. This
system is designed to ensure smooth and safe transportation for the estimated
3 million domestic and overseas visitors who will flock to Beijing for the
games in August 2008.[17]
On the ground, Beijing is set to designate 38 official public transit
routes that will link the Olympic venues. During the games, 2,500 large-size buses
and 4,500 minibuses
will be operated by a total of 8,000 drivers to transport people across
various venues. Prior to the games, public transport will be optimised in
order to reduce the existing 110 overlapping routes.[18]
Athletes, Olympic guests and media will be moved around the city in a fleet
of 5,000 Volkswagen "low-emission, low-consumption" vehicles.[19]
Volkswagen Group China will also have a dedicated pavilion to showcase their
brands to the public throughout the event.
Beijing
will be implementing a temporary road
space rationing based on plate numbers during the Games in order to
significantly improve air quality in the city.[20]
Under the traffic plan made public on June
20, 2008, the
rationing will be enforced for two months, between July 20 to September 20, as
the Olympics will begin on August 8, and then will be followed by the 2008 Paralympics,
from September 6 until 17.[21][dead
link] The restrictions will be in placed on alternate
days depending on the plates ending in odd or even numbers. This measure is
expected to take 45% of the 3.3 million car fleet off the streets. In
addition, 300,000 heavy polluting vehicles will be banned from July 1, and the
plan also prohibits access to most vehicles coming from outside Beijing. The
boosted public transport network is expected to absorb this additional demand,
estimated in more than 4 million extra passengers per day.[22][21]
Marketing
The 2008 Summer Olympics emblem is known as Dancing
Beijing (simplified
Chinese: 舞动的北京).
The emblem combines a traditional Chinese red seal and a representation of the
calligraphic
character
jīng (京,
"national capital", also the second character of Beijing's Chinese
name) with athletic features. The open arms of the calligraphic word
symbolises the invitation of China to the world to share in its culture. IOC
president Jacques
Rogge was very happy with the emblem, saying, "Your new emblem
immediately conveys the awesome beauty and power of China which are embodied
in your heritage and your people."[23]
The slogan for the 2008 Olympics is "One World, One Dream"
(simplified
Chinese: 同一个世界
同一个梦想; traditional
Chinese: 同一個世界
同一個夢想; pinyin:
Tóng Yíge Shìjiè Tóng Yíge Mèngxiǎng.)[24]
The slogan calls upon the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build
a better future for humanity. It was chosen from over 210,000 entries
submitted from around the world.[10]
The 2008 Olympic Mascots are the five Fuwa
(simplified
Chinese: 福娃,
literally "good luck dolls" initially known as Friendlies in
English). The Fuwa consist of five members that incorporate fish,
giant
panda, fire, Tibetan
antelope, and swallow
designs. The Fuwa each have as their primary colour, one of the colours of the
five Olympic
Rings that stand for the five continents. The five Fuwa are named Beibei,
Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, and Nini. When the first syllable of each of the
five names are said together, the result is the phrase 北京欢迎你
(Běijīng huānyíng nĭ) which means "Beijing
welcomes you".[25]
Broadcasting
|
It has been suggested that this section be split
into a new article entitled List of broadcasting rights at the 2008 Summer Olympics. (Discuss) |
These games will be the first to be produced and broadcast entirely in high
definition television, and will likely garner upwards of 4 billion
viewers.[26]
In their bid for the Olympic games in 2001, Beijing confirmed to the Olympic
Evaluation Commission "that there will be no restrictions on media
reporting and movement of journalists up to and including the Olympic
Games,"[27]
but according to a report in the New
York Times, "these
promises have been contradicted by strict visa rules, lengthy application
processes and worries about censorship."[28]
.svg){kind=small}
Torch relay
2008 Olympic Torch
The design of the Olympic
Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese
design known as the "Propitious Clouds" (祥云). The
torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometer per hour winds, and in rain of
up to 50 millimeters per hour.
The relay, with the theme Journey of Harmony, is expected to last
130 days and carry the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi)—the longest
distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition began at the 1936
Berlin Games.[83][84]
So far, the torch relay has been called a "public relations
disaster" by The Times[85]
for China, with protests of China's
human rights record, particularly about Tibet.
Route of the 2008 Olympic Torch Relay
The relay began March
24, 2008, in Olympia,
Greece. From there, it traveled across Greece to Panathinaiko
Stadium in Athens,
and then to Beijing, arriving on March
31. From Beijing, the torch followed a route passing through every
continent except Antarctica. The torch visited cities on the Silk
Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. A
total of 21,880 torchbearers have been selected from around the world by
various organizations and entities.[86]
The international portion of the relay was a problematic, month-long world
tour that has seen wide-scale protests to China's human rights abuses and
recent crackdown in Tibet. After trouble in London saw several attempts to put
out the flame, the following day, the flame was extinguished in Paris .[87]
The American leg in San Francisco on 9
April was altered without prior warning to avoid such scenes, although
there were still demonstrations along the original route.[88]
The relay was further delayed and simplified after the 2008
Sichuan earthquake affecting western China.
Protesters for and against the Tibetan
Independence Movement, as well as the Games during the Olympic torch
relay in San
Francisco.
The flame was carried
to the top of Mount Everest[86]
on a 108 km (67 mi) long "highway" scaling the Tibetan side of the
mountain especially built for the relay. The $19.7 million blacktop project
spanned from Tingri
County of Xigazê
Prefecture to the Everest
Base Camp.[89]
In March 2008, China banned mountaineers from climbing its side of Mount
Everest and later persuaded the Nepalese government to close their side as
well, officially citing environmental concerns.[90]
It also reflected concerns by the Chinese government that Tibet
activists may try to disrupt its plans to carry the Olympic torch up the
world's tallest peak.[91]
The originally proposed route would have seen the torch carried through Taipei
after leaving Vietnam
and before heading for Hong Kong. Taiwan authorities, however, objected to
this proposal, claiming that this route would make the portion of the relay in
Taiwan appear to be part the torch's domestic journey through China, rather
than a leg on the international route.[92]
This dispute as well as demands that the flag
of the Republic of China and the National
Anthem of the Republic of China be banned along the route[93]
led the Taiwan authorities to reject the proposal that it be part of the relay
route, and the two sides of the Taiwan Strait subsequently blamed each other
for injecting politics into the event.[94]
The Games
Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the Olympics in Beijing will be held in the Beijing
National Stadium, and begin at 8:00pm CST
(UTC+8) on 8
August 2008.[95]
The choice of date and time (2008-08-08 8:00) reflects the fact that the
number 8 is considered lucky in China.[a]
It has been announced that Canada's Celine
Dion,[96]
Taiwan's Jay
Chou,[97]
Britain's Sarah
Brightman and China's Liu
Huan[98]
would perform during the opening ceremony.
On July 21,
NBC announced the Opening Ceremony would include performances by a cast of
15,000 and declared it would be the most spectacular Olympics Opening Ceremony
ever produced.[99]
Participating NOCs
|
|
It has been suggested that this section be split
into a new article entitled List of participating NOCs at the 2008 Summer Olympics. (Discuss) |
Though the qualifying competitions for various sports have been completed,
it cannot be certain until the August 8th Opening Ceremony which of the
current 205 National
Olympic Committees (NOCs)[100]
will participate. Most NOCs participate regularly, although various
circumstances could cause a nation to be absent from the games, as was the
case for six NOCs at the 2006
Winter Olympics. Nevertheless, placements in various qualifying events can
help predict which nations and how many athletes will be at the games. Steven
Roush, chief of sport performance for the United
States Olympic Committee, expects that the United
States will bring about 600 competitors to the games, their largest
Olympic team thus far.[101]
An ever larger delegation is expected for the host
country. However, other delegations will be much smaller; Afghanistan,
for example, will be represented by just four competitors. [102]
South
African swimmer Natalie
du Toit, five time gold medalist at the Athens
Paralympics in 2004, has qualified to compete at the Beijing Olympics,
thus making history by becoming the first amputee
to qualify for the Olympic Games since Olivér
Halassy in 1936.[103][104]
Natalia
Partyka (who was born without a right forearm) will compete in Table
Tennis for Poland.[105]
Below is a list of the all the participating NOCs (where available, the
number of competitors per delegation is indicated in parentheses):[citation
needed]
.svg){kind=small}
Participation changes
The Marshall
Islands and Tuvalu
gained National Olympic Committee status in 2006 and 2007 respectively, and
are expected to participate in the Games.[107][dead
link][108][109]
The states of Serbia
and Montenegro,
which participated at the 2004 Games jointly as Serbia
and Montenegro, will now compete separately. The Montenegrin Olympic
Committee was accepted as a new National Olympic Committee in 2007.[109]
IOC has promised to recognise the newly independent Republic of Kosovo,
but not in time for the nation to compete in the Olympics.[110]
North
Korea and South
Korea held meetings to discuss the possibility of sending a united team to
the 2008 Olympics,[111][112]
but the proposal failed, due to disagreements between the two NOCs on the
proportion of athletes from the two countries within the team.[113]
On July 24,
2008, the International
Olympic Committee (IOC) banned Iraq
from competing in the 2008 Olympic Summer Games due to "political
interference by the government in sports."[114][115]
On July 29,
the IOC reversed its decision and will allow the nation to compete after a
pledge by Iraq to ensure "the independence of its national Olympics
panel" by instituting fair elections before the end of November. Until
then, Iraq's Olympic Organisation will be run by "an interim committee
proposed by its national sports federations and approved by the IOC."[116]
Brunei
Darussalam were due to take part in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games.
However, they were disqualified on August
8, having failed to register either of their athletes. [117]
Sports
This pictogram depicts Athletics.
Medals of the 2008 Summer Olympics: silver (left), gold (center), bronze
(right)
The program for the Beijing 2008 Games is quite similar to that of the Athens
Games held in 2004. The 2008 Olympics will see the return of 28 sports,
and will hold 302 events (165 men’s events, 127 women’s events, and 10
mixed events), one event more in total than in Athens.
Overall 9 new events will be held, which include 2 from the new cycling
discipline of BMX.
Women will compete in the 3000 m steeplechase
for the first time. In addition, marathon swimming events for men and women,
over the distance of 10 kilometres, will be added to the swimming discipline.
Team events (men and women) in table
tennis will replace the doubles events. In fencing,
women's team foil and women's team sabre will replace men's team foil and
women's team epee.[b][118][119]
The Beijing
Organizing Committee have released pictograms
of the 35 Olympic disciplines. This set of sport icons is named the beauty
of seal characters, due to each pictogram's likeness to Chinese seal
script.[120]
The following are the sports to be contested at these Games. The number of
events to be contested in each sport is indicated in parentheses.
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Calendar
|
|
It has been suggested that this section be split
into a new article entitled Calendar of the 2008 Summer Olympics. (Discuss) |
In the following calendar for the 2008 Olympic Games, each blue box
represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day.
The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport
are held. Each bullet in these boxes is an event final, the number of bullets
per box representing the number of finals that will be contested on that day.[121]
| ● | Opening ceremony | Event competitions | ● | Event finals | Exhibition gala | ● | Closing ceremony |
| August | 6th W |
7th T |
8th F |
9th S |
10th S |
11th M |
12th T |
13th W |
14th T |
15th F |
16th S |
17th S |
18th M |
19th T |
20th W |
21st T |
22nd F |
23rd S |
24th S |
Gold medals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Archery | ● | ● | ● | ● | 4 | |||||||||||||||
| Athletics | ●
● |
●
● ● ● |
●●● ●●● |
●●● ●●● |
●●● ● ● |
●●● | ●●● ●●● |
●●● ● ● ● ● |
●●● ● ● ● ● |
● | 47 | |||||||||
| Badminton | ● | ●
● |
●
● |
5 | ||||||||||||||||
| Baseball | ● | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Basketball | ● | ● | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Boxing | ●●● ● ● |
●●● ●●● |
11 | |||||||||||||||||
| Canoeing | ●
● |
●
● |
●●● ●●● |
●●● ●●● |
16 | |||||||||||||||
| Cycling | ● | ● | ●
● |
● | ●●● | ● | ●
● |
●●● | ●
● |
● | ● | 18 | ||||||||
| Diving | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 8 | |||||||||||
| Equestrian | ●
● |
● | ● | ● | ● | 6 | ||||||||||||||
| Fencing | ● | ● | ● | ● | ●
● |
● | ● | ● | ● | 10 | ||||||||||
| Field
hockey |
● | ● | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Football
(soccer) |
● | ● | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gymnastics | ● | ● | ● | ● | ●
● ● ● |
●
● ● ● |
●
● ● ● |
● | ● | 18 | ||||||||||
| Handball | ● | ● | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Judo | ●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
14 | ||||||||||||
| Modern
pentathlon |
● | ● | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Rowing | ●●● ● ● ● ● |
●●● ● ● ● ● |
14 | |||||||||||||||||
| Sailing | ●
● |
● | ●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
11 | |||||||||||||
| Shooting | ●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
● | ●
● |
● | ●
● |
● | 15 | ||||||||||
| Softball | ● | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Swimming | ●
● ● ● |
●
● ● ● |
●
● ● ● |
●
● ● ● |
●
● ● ● |
●
● ● ● |
●
● ● ● |
●
● ● ● |
● | ● | 34 | |||||||||
| Synchronized
swimming |
● | ● | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Table
tennis |
● | ● | ● | ● | 4 | |||||||||||||||
| Taekwondo | ●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
8 | |||||||||||||||
| Tennis | ●
● |
●
● |
4 | |||||||||||||||||
| Triathlon | ● | ● | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Volleyball | ● | ● | ● | ● | 4 | |||||||||||||||
| Water
polo |
● | ● | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Weightlifting | ● | ●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
● | ● | ● | ● | 15 | |||||||||
| Wrestling | ●
● |
●
● |
●●● | ●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●
● |
●●● | 18 | |||||||||||
| Total gold medals | 7 | 14 | 13 | 19 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 30 | 34 | 18 | 20 | 11 | 23 | 20 | 31 | 12 | 302 | |||
| Ceremonies | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||||||
| August | 6th W |
7th T |
8th F |
9th S |
10th S |
11th M |
12th T |
13th W |
14th T |
15th F |
16th S |
17th S |
18th M |
19th T |
20th W |
21st T |
22nd F |
23rd S |
24th S |
Concerns and controversies
The banner reads: "Human Rights Abuse Cannot Co-exist with Beijing
Olympics", picture taken during the opening of the Human
Rights Torch Relay event
Concerns over the games include the potential for boycotts from pro-Tibetan
organizations such as Students
for a Free Tibet as well as from organizations such as Amnesty
International upset with China's involvement in the crisis in Darfur.[122]
Additionally, China
had pledged that it would allow open media access during the games, but Human
Rights Watch alleges that it has failed to do so[123],
and one IOC
committee member commented anonymously that "Had the I.O.C....known seven
years ago that there would be severe restrictions...then I seriously doubt
whether Beijing would have been awarded the Olympics".[124]
While some estimated 20,000 journalists had been assured unfettered Internet
access by the IOC's Jacques
Rogge, Sun Weide (孙伟德) of the Beijing Organizing
Committee announced in late July that China would allow only
"convenient" access —still blocking sites which reference
controversial content.[125]
Also in late July, U.S. senator Sam
Brownback announced that he had received evidence (in the form of an
official memo from China's Public
Security Bureau) that foreign-owned hotels in China had been ordered by
the Chinese government to comply with electronic surveillance of guests by
installing special equipment (called the Security Management System for
Internet Access from Public Places), or face "severe retaliation."[126][127][128]
China has also been battling problems with air
pollution both in the city of Beijing and in neighboring areas, which the
Beijing Organizing Committee (BOCOG) says it hopes to remedy before the games.
The head of Interpol
warned China on April
25, 2008 that
there is a "real possibility" that the Beijing Olympics will be
targeted by terrorist groups,[129]
as well as potentially violent disruption from pro-Tibet protestors.[130]
Ethnic Tibetans have been banned from working in Beijing during the duration
of the Games, for fear that they may participate in anti-government protests.[131]
See also
Notes
- ^ The
number
8 is associated with prosperity and confidence in Chinese
culture.[132] - ^ The
fencing programme will again include all six individual events and four
team events, though the team events will be a different set than were
held in 2004. The International
Fencing Federation's rules call for events not held in the previous
Games to receive automatic selection and for at least one team event in
each weapon to be held. Voting is conducted to determine the fourth
event. In 2004, the three men's team events and the women's épée were
held. Thus, in 2008, the women's foil and sabre events and men's épée
were automatically selected. Men's sabre was chosen over foil by a
45–20 vote.[133]
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External links
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Categories:
Current
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